/* A continuous, still paper surface. These styles belong only to essays. */
:root{
  --paper:#f5f5f5;--ink:#232323;--copy:#444;--muted:#727272;
  --line:#dcdcdc;--surface:#ffffff68;--hover:#ffffff80;--glass:#ffffff48;
  --serif:'Iowan Old Style','Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Georgia,serif;
  color-scheme:light;scrollbar-gutter:stable;
}
:root[data-tone="night"]{
  --paper:#161616;--ink:#dedede;--copy:#bcbcbc;--muted:#939393;
  --line:#343434;--surface:#ffffff04;--hover:#ffffff05;--glass:#ffffff08;
  color-scheme:dark;
}
*{box-sizing:border-box}
html{background:var(--paper);scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding-top:32px}
body{margin:0;min-width:280px;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);font:400 14px/1.7 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;overflow-wrap:break-word}
/* Stitched grain covers the entire viewport: no bands, masks, or cut-off edges. */
body:before{content:"";position:fixed;inset:0;pointer-events:none;z-index:0;opacity:.035;mix-blend-mode:multiply;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 160 160' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cfilter id='paper'%3E%3CfeTurbulence type='fractalNoise' baseFrequency='.82' numOctaves='3' seed='8' stitchTiles='stitch'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cpath fill='%23888' filter='url(%23paper)' d='M0 0h160v160H0z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-size:160px 160px}
:root[data-tone="night"] body:before{opacity:.025;mix-blend-mode:screen}
.page-shell{position:relative;width:min(920px,calc(100% - 64px));margin-inline:auto}
a{color:inherit;text-underline-offset:4px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-color:color-mix(in srgb,currentColor,transparent 65%)}
a:hover{text-decoration-color:currentColor}
button,input,select{font:inherit;color:inherit}
button,a,input,select,summary{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}
a:focus-visible,button:focus-visible,input:focus-visible,select:focus-visible,summary:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--ink);outline-offset:5px;border-radius:4px}
button,select,summary{cursor:pointer}
[hidden]{display:none!important}
::selection{background:var(--ink);color:var(--paper)}
.site-header{padding-block:30px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);font-size:12px}
.site-header nav{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px;min-height:36px}
.site-header a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--muted)}
.site-header .site-name{color:var(--ink);font-weight:500;letter-spacing:-.01em}
.site-header a:hover{color:var(--ink)}
.nav-slash{color:var(--muted);opacity:.5;font-weight:300}
.theme-toggle{display:grid;place-items:center;flex:0 0 36px;width:36px;height:36px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:50%;padding:8px;background:var(--surface);transition:background .18s,border-color .18s}
.theme-toggle:hover{background:var(--hover);border-color:var(--muted)}
.theme-toggle svg{width:17px;height:17px}
:root[data-tone="night"] .theme-sun,:root[data-tone="paper"] .theme-moon{display:none}
.index-intro{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr minmax(0,340px);align-items:end;gap:40px;padding-block:68px 54px}
.eyebrow{font-size:10px;line-height:1.7;color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 18px;letter-spacing:.11em;text-transform:uppercase}
h1{font:400 76px/1.05 var(--serif);letter-spacing:-.055em;margin:0}
.title-period{color:var(--muted)}
.intro-copy{margin:0 0 4px;color:var(--copy);font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;text-wrap:pretty;max-width:340px}
.essay-tools{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:20px;min-height:52px;margin:0 0 26px;padding:5px 14px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;background:var(--surface)}
.search-field{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;min-width:0;flex:1;color:var(--muted)}
.search-field svg{width:16px;height:16px;flex:0 0 16px}
.search-field input{width:100%;min-width:0;min-height:38px;padding:4px 0;font-size:12px;border:0;background:transparent;outline-offset:3px}
input::placeholder{color:var(--muted);opacity:1}
.topic-field{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;min-width:130px;max-width:43%;padding-left:18px;border-left:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--copy)}
.topic-field select{appearance:none;background:transparent;border:0;border-radius:0;max-width:100%;width:100%;min-height:36px;padding:6px 23px 6px 0;font-size:11px;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis}
.topic-field svg{position:absolute;right:0;width:12px;height:12px;pointer-events:none}
option{background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink)}
.list-caption{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:16px;padding-block:0 15px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.035em;color:var(--muted)}
.essay-list{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}
.essay-list>li{position:relative;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}
.essay-row{position:relative;isolation:isolate;display:grid;grid-template-columns:32px minmax(0,1fr) 78px;gap:24px;padding:32px 0;text-decoration:none;border-radius:6px}
.essay-row:before{content:"";position:absolute;inset:8px -18px;z-index:-1;border-radius:10px;background:var(--hover);opacity:0;transition:opacity .18s}
.essay-number{font:11px/1.8 ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;color:var(--muted);padding-top:1px;opacity:.75}
.essay-row-meta{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:baseline;gap:9px;margin-bottom:10px;color:var(--muted);font-size:11px;line-height:1.8}
.essay-row-meta time{white-space:nowrap}
.essay-row h2{font:400 28px/1.24 var(--serif);letter-spacing:-.025em;text-wrap:pretty;margin:0 0 11px}
.essay-row p{margin:0;max-width:650px;color:var(--copy);font-size:13px;line-height:1.8}
.essay-row-end{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;padding-block:2px}
.reading-time{font-size:11px;line-height:1.8;color:var(--muted);white-space:nowrap}
.essay-row-arrow{display:grid;place-items:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:50%;color:var(--muted);transition:color .18s,border-color .18s,transform .18s}
.essay-row-arrow svg{display:block;width:16px;height:16px}
.essay-row:focus-visible:before{opacity:1}
.essay-row:focus-visible .essay-row-arrow{border-color:var(--muted);color:var(--ink)}
@media(hover:hover){
  .essay-row:hover:before{opacity:1}
  .essay-row:hover .essay-row-arrow{border-color:var(--muted);color:var(--ink);transform:rotate(-35deg)}
}
.site-footer{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:24px;padding-block:34px 44px;color:var(--muted);font-size:11px}
.site-footer a{text-decoration:none}
.site-footer a:hover{color:var(--ink)}
.back-top{margin-left:auto}
.empty-state{padding:48px 0 64px}
.empty-state>p:first-child{font:400 26px/1.4 var(--serif);letter-spacing:-.02em;color:var(--ink)}
.empty-state p{margin:0 0 10px}
.muted{color:var(--muted)}
.text-button{border:0;background:none;padding:4px 0;font-size:12px;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:4px}
/* The article is a narrower measure inside the same page frame. */
.essay-article{max-width:700px;margin-inline:auto}
.essay-heading{padding-top:40px;margin-bottom:28px}
.back-link{display:inline-block;color:var(--muted);font-size:11px;text-decoration:none;margin-bottom:48px;min-height:24px}
.back-link:hover{color:var(--ink)}
.essay-heading .eyebrow{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:14px;margin-bottom:21px}
.article-number{white-space:nowrap}
.article-topic{border-left:1px solid var(--line);padding-left:14px}
.essay-heading h1{font-size:clamp(34px,4.3vw,54px);line-height:1.1;letter-spacing:-.035em;text-wrap:pretty}
.article-deck{color:var(--muted);font:400 18px/1.75 var(--serif);letter-spacing:0;text-wrap:pretty;margin:24px 0 0}
.article-meta{display:flex;align-items:baseline;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin:26px 0 0;color:var(--muted);font-size:11px}
.article-author{color:var(--copy);text-decoration:none}
.article-author:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.reading-progress{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:2px;z-index:5;pointer-events:none}
.reading-progress>div{height:100%;background:var(--ink);opacity:.45;transform:scaleX(0);transform-origin:left}
.article-tools{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:10px;margin-bottom:32px}
.article-tools:has(>details:only-child){grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);max-width:260px}
.article-tools:has(>details[open]){max-width:none}
.essay-listen,.essay-contents{min-width:0;font-size:11px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:10px;background:var(--surface);color:var(--copy)}
.article-tools>details[open]{grid-column:1/-1}
.essay-listen summary,.essay-contents summary{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:9px;min-height:44px;padding:11px 14px;list-style:none}
summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}
.essay-listen summary>svg{width:16px;height:16px;color:var(--muted)}
.details-plus{margin-left:auto;color:var(--muted);font-size:15px;font-weight:300;line-height:1}
details[open]>summary .details-plus{font-size:0}
details[open]>summary .details-plus:after{content:"−";font-size:15px}
.audio-content{padding:5px 14px 16px}
.audio-content audio{display:block;width:100%;height:42px}
.audio-content label{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-end;gap:12px;margin-top:12px;color:var(--muted);font-size:10px}
.audio-content select{min-height:32px;padding:3px 10px;background:var(--paper);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px}
.audio-error{margin-bottom:0}
.essay-contents nav{padding:0 14px 12px}
.essay-contents ol{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}
.essay-contents li{padding-block:7px;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
.essay-contents .toc-level-3{padding-left:16px}
.essay-contents a{display:block;text-decoration:none;color:var(--muted)}
.essay-contents a:hover{color:var(--ink)}
.essay-prose{display:flow-root;color:var(--copy);font:400 18px/1.88 var(--serif)}
.essay-prose p{margin:0 0 1.55em}
.essay-prose h2,.essay-prose h3,.essay-prose h4,.essay-prose h5,.essay-prose h6{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:500;letter-spacing:-.02em;color:var(--ink);line-height:1.3;margin:2.1em 0 .8em;scroll-margin-top:32px}
.essay-prose h2{font-size:30px}
.essay-prose h3{font-size:25px}
.essay-prose h4{font-size:22px}
.essay-prose h5,.essay-prose h6{font-size:20px}
.heading-link{text-decoration:none}
.heading-link:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:var(--line)}
.essay-prose strong{font-weight:600;color:var(--ink)}
.essay-prose img{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block;border-radius:6px}
.essay-prose div:has(>img){margin-block:28px}
.essay-prose .essay-cover{display:block!important;margin:0 0 40px!important}
.essay-prose .essay-hero-image{display:block;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;aspect-ratio:auto 16/9;margin:0;border-radius:10px}
.essay-prose iframe{max-width:100%;border:0;border-radius:8px}
.essay-prose>div[style*="grid-template-columns"]{grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(min(100%,170px),1fr))!important}
.essay-prose blockquote{margin:1.7em 0;padding:0 0 0 24px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);color:var(--muted);font-size:1.1em;font-style:italic;line-height:1.75}
.essay-prose ul,.essay-prose ol{padding-left:1.4em;margin-block:1.4em}
.essay-prose li{padding-left:.3em;margin-bottom:.55em}
.essay-prose hr{border:0;border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin:2.5em 0}
.essay-prose pre,.essay-prose .katex-display{overflow-x:auto;max-width:100%;padding:12px 0}
.essay-prose pre{padding:20px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:8px;background:var(--surface);line-height:1.6}
.essay-prose code{font:400 .75em/1.65 ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace}
.essay-prose table{display:block;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:.9em}
.essay-prose th,.essay-prose td{padding:10px 14px;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}
.essay-date-location{display:block;margin-top:40px;color:var(--muted);font:400 11px/1.7 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,sans-serif}
.essay-date-location a{text-decoration:none}
.essay-date-location a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.essay-pagination{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:16px;margin-top:64px}
.essay-neighbor{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:12px;padding:20px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;text-decoration:none;font:400 20px/1.4 var(--serif);letter-spacing:-.015em;transition:background .18s,border-color .18s}
.neighbor-label{color:var(--muted);font:400 11px/1.7 -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0}
.essay-neighbor.next{text-align:right;align-items:flex-end}
.essay-neighbor:hover{background:var(--surface);border-color:var(--muted)}
.essay-end{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;margin:30px 0 0;padding-block:0 32px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--muted);font-size:11px}
.essay-end a{text-decoration:none}
.essay-end a:hover{color:var(--ink)}
.reading-page .site-footer{max-width:700px}
.skip-link{position:fixed;top:8px;left:12px;transform:translateY(-200%);z-index:20;padding:8px 16px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--paper)}
.skip-link:focus{transform:none}
.sr-only{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);white-space:nowrap;border:0}
@media(max-width:760px){
  .index-intro{grid-template-columns:1fr minmax(0,280px);gap:30px;padding-block:54px 42px}
  h1{font-size:64px}
  .essay-row{grid-template-columns:24px minmax(0,1fr) 66px;gap:18px}
  .essay-row h2{font-size:26px}
}
@media(max-width:600px){
  .page-shell{width:calc(100% - 40px)}
  .site-header{padding-block:22px}
  .site-header nav{gap:13px;font-size:11px}
  .theme-toggle{width:34px;height:34px;flex-basis:34px}
  .index-intro{display:block;padding-block:42px 30px}
  .eyebrow{font-size:10px;margin-bottom:15px}
  h1{font-size:60px}
  .intro-copy{margin:23px 0 0;font-size:13px;line-height:1.85;max-width:320px}
  .essay-tools{gap:12px;padding:5px 11px;margin-bottom:23px}
  .search-field{gap:8px}.search-field input{font-size:11px}
  .topic-field{min-width:105px;max-width:47%;padding-left:12px}.topic-field select{font-size:10px}
  .list-caption{font-size:10px;padding-bottom:12px}
  .essay-row{grid-template-columns:20px minmax(0,1fr);gap:14px 12px;padding-block:27px}
  .essay-row:before{inset:7px -10px}
  .essay-number{font-size:10px;padding-top:1px}
  .essay-row-meta{font-size:10px;gap:7px;line-height:1.9;margin-bottom:9px}
  .essay-row h2{font-size:25px;line-height:1.23;margin-bottom:12px}
  .essay-row p{font-size:13px;line-height:1.85}
  .essay-row-end{grid-column:2;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:0}
  .reading-time{font-size:10px}.essay-row-arrow{width:28px;height:28px}.essay-row-arrow svg{width:14px;height:14px}
  .essay-heading{padding-top:26px;margin-bottom:23px}
  .back-link{margin-bottom:32px;font-size:11px}
  .essay-heading .eyebrow{gap:11px;margin-bottom:18px;line-height:1.9}.article-topic{padding-left:11px}
  .essay-heading h1{font-size:38px;line-height:1.12;letter-spacing:-.035em}
  .article-deck{font-size:17px;line-height:1.7;margin-top:20px}
  .article-meta{gap:8px;font-size:10px;margin-top:22px}
  .article-tools{gap:8px;margin-bottom:27px}
  .essay-listen,.essay-contents{font-size:10px;border-radius:9px}
  .essay-listen summary,.essay-contents summary{padding:10px 11px;gap:7px}
  .essay-listen summary>svg{width:14px;height:14px}
  .essay-prose{font-size:17px;line-height:1.85}
  .essay-prose h2{font-size:27px}.essay-prose h3{font-size:23px}
  .essay-prose .essay-cover{margin-bottom:30px!important}.essay-prose .essay-hero-image{border-radius:7px}
  .essay-pagination{gap:10px;margin-top:44px}.essay-neighbor{font-size:18px;padding:15px;gap:10px;border-radius:10px}.neighbor-label{font-size:10px}
  .essay-end{font-size:10px;padding-bottom:26px}
  .site-footer{font-size:10px;gap:20px;padding-block:28px 34px}
}
@media(max-width:360px){
  .essay-heading h1{font-size:33px}.article-meta{column-gap:6px}
  .essay-listen summary,.essay-contents summary{gap:6px;padding-inline:9px;font-size:9px}
  .essay-listen summary>svg{width:12px;height:12px}
}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}*{transition:none!important}}
@media print{
  :root,:root[data-tone="night"]{--paper:#fff;--ink:#000;--copy:#111;--muted:#555;--line:#ccc;color-scheme:light}
  body:before,.site-header,.site-footer,.reading-progress,.article-tools,.essay-pagination,.essay-end,.back-link{display:none}
  .page-shell{width:100%;max-width:none}.essay-article{max-width:none}.essay-heading{padding-top:0}
  .essay-heading h1{font-size:30pt}.article-deck{font-size:12pt}.essay-prose{font-size:11pt;line-height:1.65}.essay-prose a{overflow-wrap:anywhere}
  .essay-prose img{max-height:70vh;object-fit:contain;break-inside:avoid}
  h1,h2,h3{break-after:avoid}
}